The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750-1850
History

A drug used to induce anesthesia, a temporary loss of sensation or awareness
Anesthetic
A drug used to induce anesthesia, a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. anesthetic. In history, anesthetics revolutionized surgery by allowing pain-free procedures, beginning with the first successful use of ether in 1846.

A socioeconomic order based upon the ideas of common ownership and the absence of social classes
Communism
A socioeconomic order based upon the ideas of common ownership and the absence of social classes. Communism. In history, communism is a system where all property is owned by the community as a whole, aiming to eliminate class distinctions.

The legal process in England of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms
Enclosure
The legal process in England of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms is known as enclosure. Enclosure was a historical movement where common land was fenced off, forcing small farmers and villagers to move to cities for work.

A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who improved steam engine
James Watt
A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who improved the steam engine James Watt. James Watt was a key figure in the Industrial Revolution because his enhancements to the steam engine greatly boosted industrial productivity.

An organization of workers who join together to negotiate pay, working conditions etc.
Labor union
An organization of workers who join together to negotiate pay, working conditions, etc., is known as a labor union. In history, labor unions are groups that workers formed to improve their jobs and protect their rights.

The materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products
Means of production
The materials, tools, and other instruments used by workers to make products are means of production. In history, means of production refers to everything needed to produce goods, like factories and machinery, and who controls them often influences societal power dynamics.

The class of workers in urban areas who work in industry or manufacturing
Proletariat
The class of workers in urban areas who work in industry or manufacturing. proletariat. In history, the proletariat refers to the working-class people, especially those who earn a living through manual labor in industrial settings.

A contracted work by an agent to subcontractors who complete the work in off-site facilities
Putting-out system
A contracted work by an agent to subcontractors who complete the work in off-site facilities. Putting-out system. In History, the putting-out system is a pre-industrial method where goods were produced at home and completed by different workers rather than in a centralized location.

A political philosophy that promotes socialism within capitalist framework
Social democracy
A political philosophy that promotes socialism within a capitalist framework. Social democracy. It is a system where the government uses democratic means to pursue policies that aim to reduce inequality and provide social welfare within a capitalist economy.

Characterized by social ownership of the means of production and worker self-management
Socialism
Characterized by social ownership of the means of production and worker self-management. Socialism. Historically, socialism is an economic and political system where the community or state manages resources and production for equal benefit to all citizens.

A theory in philosophy that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being
Utilitarianism
A theory in philosophy that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being. Utilitarianism. Historically, utilitarianism is an idea that suggests the best action is the one that brings the greatest good for the greatest number of people.