Regional Conflicts 1945-Present

The Republic of South Africa's governing political party. African National Congress. The African National Congress is a political party that played a major role in the fight against apartheid.

Racial segregation that existed in Africa. Apartheid. Apartheid was a system in South Africa where laws separated people based on race, giving privileges to white people over others.

A federal subject a republic of the Russian Federation. Chechnya. Chechnya is a region that has experienced significant conflict, particularly during the Chechen Wars in the 1990s and early 2000s, as it fought for independence from Russia.

A region of western Sudan, where ethnic conflicts occurs. Darfur. Darfur is an area in Sudan that gained international attention in the early 2000s due to a severe humanitarian crisis caused by violent ethnic conflicts.

A South African cleric known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. Desmond Tutu. Desmond Tutu was a key figure in fighting against racial segregation in South Africa.

The systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a territory. Ethnic cleansing is the deliberate and organized attempt to remove a specific ethnic group from an area through various means, including violence and intimidation.

The State President of South Africa 1989 - 1994. F W de Klerk. He was the last president of apartheid-era South Africa who helped end the apartheid system and initiated the country's transition to majority rule.

A political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. Good Friday Agreement. The Good Friday Agreement is a historic accord reached in 1998 that helped bring an end to decades of conflict in Northern Ireland by promoting cooperation and power-sharing among different communities.

A Bantu ethnic group native to the African Great Lakes region of Africa. Hutus. The Hutus are an ethnic group primarily in Rwanda and Burundi, historically involved in a conflict with the Tutsis, culminating in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.

A participant in a violent rebellion against authority. Insurgent. In historical terms, an insurgent is someone who actively fights against a government or occupying force, like during revolutions or uprisings.

A series of Palestinian protests and riots against the Israeli occupation. Intifada refers to Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control, marked by protests and violence.

A city in the Middle East, which the Israelis and Palestinians claim as their capital. Jerusalem is an ancient city with religious significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

A partially-recognised state in Southeast Europe. Kosovo. It is a region that declared independence from Serbia in 2008, following years of conflict and tension in the Balkans.

An army of non-professional soldiers, citizens or subjects of a state. militia. In history, a militia is a group of ordinary people who band together to defend their community during emergencies.

The proximity of people from different ethnic backgrounds within a country. multiethnicity. Multiethnicity is when people from diverse ethnic groups live together in the same place, like in ancient Rome where various cultures coexisted.

An anti-apartheid revolutionary, who served as President of South Africa. Nelson Mandela. He is known for leading the struggle against apartheid and becoming South Africa's first Black president.

A territory established by a military power over which aircraft are not permitted to fly. no-fly zone. A no-fly zone is an area where military authorities prohibit aircraft flights to protect civilians or strategic interests, often used in conflicts.

A constituent country of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland. It is a region known for its historic conflict between nationalists, who wanted to join the Republic of Ireland, and unionists, who wanted to remain part of the UK.

A territory controlled by a power of another nation. Occupied territories. These are areas taken and controlled by one country during or after a conflict, often leading to disputes over ownership and governance.

The fifth President of Iraq 1979 - 2003 Saddam Hussein. He was a dictatorial leader who ruled Iraq with an iron fist for nearly a quarter of a century.

A township in South Africa where police shot at anti-apartheid protesters. Sharpeville. In history, Sharpeville is known for the 1960 massacre where police killed 69 people during a peaceful protest against apartheid laws.

The President of Serbia and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic. Slobodan Milosevic was a political leader known for his role in the Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s.

An ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region. Tutsis. The Tutsis are a historically significant group from Rwanda and Burundi who were involved in the Rwandan Genocide in 1994.

Weapons that are nuclear, radiological, chemical, or biological are weapons of mass destruction. In history, weapons of mass destruction are those capable of causing large-scale devastation and loss of life, like the atomic bombs used in World War II.

A Palestinian political leader and a founding member of the Fatah political party. Yasser Arafat was a key figure in the Palestinian struggle for self-determination.

The Prime Minister of Israel 1974-1977, 1992-1995. Yitzhak Rabin. Yitzhak Rabin was an Israeli leader known for his efforts towards peace with Palestine, which ultimately led to his assassination in 1995.