Muslim Civilizations 620-1630
History

A dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, who have overthrown the Umayyads
Abbasids
A dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, who have overthrown the Umayyads. Abbasids. The Abbasids were a major Islamic caliphate that ruled much of the Muslim world from 750 to 1258, known for fostering a golden age of culture and knowledge.

The city was founded in the 8th century and was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate
Baghdad
The city was founded in the 8th century and was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Baghdad. Baghdad is a historic city in present-day Iraq that was once a center of learning and culture in the Islamic Golden Age.

A Muslim polymath, a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy
Ibn Rushd
A Muslim polymath, a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy. Ibn Rushd. Ibn Rushd, also known as Averroes, was a medieval Andalusian philosopher who played a key role in preserving and interpreting Aristotle's works in the Islamic world and Europe.

A Persian polymath and the most important doctor and Islamic philosopher of his time
Ibn Sina
A Persian polymath and the most important doctor and Islamic philosopher of his time. Ibn Sina. Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a medieval scholar whose medical texts greatly influenced both Islamic and European medicine.

An Arabic word for struggle and a theological and legal concept in Islam
Jihad
An Arabic word for struggle and a theological and legal concept in Islam. Jihad. In history, jihad often refers to the effort to spread or defend Islam, which can include both personal spiritual struggles and military actions.

A building at the center of Great Mosque of Mecca, the most sacred site in Islam
Kaaba
A building at the center of Great Mosque of Mecca, the most sacred site in Islam. Kaaba. The Kaaba is an ancient cubed structure that Muslims believe was built by Prophet Abraham and his son Ishmael as a house of monotheistic worship.

A clans of the Indian subcontinent, descended from the Central Asian Turk and Mongol tribes
Mughal
A clans of the Indian subcontinent, descended from the Central Asian Turk and Mongol tribes. Mughal. The Mughals were a powerful empire in India known for their rich culture and architectural achievements, like the Taj Mahal.

A polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of medicine
Muhammad al-Razi
A polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of medicine, Muhammad al-Razi. He was a notable Persian scholar who made significant contributions to medicine in the medieval Islamic world.

The movement of individuals or families within or between social strata in a society
Social mobility
The movement of individuals or families within or between social strata in a society. Social mobility. In history, social mobility is when people move upward or downward in status or class, like when serfs became landowners.

A practitioners of the inner, mystical dimension of Islam
Sufis
A practitioners of the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. Sufis. Sufis are Islamic mystics who seek a direct, personal experience of God often through rituals and spiritual practices, and they have significantly influenced the cultural and spiritual life throughout Islamic history.