Nationalism Triumphs in Europe 1800-1915

The emperor of Russia, the king of Poland, and the grand duke of Finland. Alexander II. Alexander II was a Russian tsar known for emancipating the serfs in 1861, initiating a series of important reforms.

Advocates of an anti-authoritarian philosophy that rejects all hierarchies. Anarchists believe in a society without government or imposed authority.

The forceful takeover of one state's territory by another. annexation. Annexation is when a country takes over and adds another region or territory to its own.

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. Camillo Cavour. He was a key architect in uniting Italy into a single nation in the 19th century.

The head of government in Germany. Chancellor. The chancellor is the leader of the German government, similar to a prime minister in other countries.

A war fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia. Crimean War. The Crimean War was a 19th-century conflict sparked by power struggles over territories between major European powers.

When two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch. Dual Monarchy. It is when one ruler governs two distinct nations under the same crown, like Austria-Hungary in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. Duma. In history, the Duma is a legislative body in Russia, established in the early 20th century, that was meant to provide some level of representation and influence over government decisions.

Any effort to procure economic and social rights, political rights or equality. Emancipation. In history, emancipation is the process of freeing individuals or groups from legal, social, or political restrictions, such as the liberation of enslaved people.

A Hungarian statesman and Minister of Justice. Ferenc Deak. He was a key figure in achieving the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

The Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. Francis Joseph. He was a long-reigning monarch of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1848 to 1916.

An Italian general who contributed to the Italian unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was a key military leader in the 19th century who helped unify Italy.

The German word for emperor is kaiser. A kaiser was the title given to the emperors of Germany, particularly during the German Empire from 1871 to 1918.

The conflict between the Prussian government and the Roman Catholic Church. Kulturkampf. The Kulturkampf was a series of policies in 19th-century Germany aimed at reducing the influence of the Catholic Church in politics and society.

A German statesman who was responsible for the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck. He was a key figure in bringing together the German states into a single nation in the 19th century.

The third Prime Minister of Russia and Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, Peter Stolypin. Peter Stolypin was a reformist leader who aimed to modernize Russia's economy and agriculture in the early 20th century.

A riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group. Pogrom. In history, a pogrom refers to a violent attack on a specific ethnic or religious community, especially against Jewish communities in Eastern Europe.

Is politics based primarily on circumstances and facts. Realpolitik. In history, Realpolitik refers to a pragmatic and practical approach to politics, focusing on power and practicality over ideology.

A person who is forced to leave their country due to natural disasters or war and conflict is a refugee. Throughout history, refugees have sought safety and a new start in other countries.

The term used in German to refer to empires and kingdoms is Reich. Reich is a German word historically used to describe realms like the Holy Roman Empire or the German Empire.

A type of government support for the citizens of that society social welfare. Social welfare refers to assistance programs that help ensure basic needs are met for all, evolving significantly during the Great Depression to support struggling populations.

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia. Wilhelm II. He was the ruler of Germany during World War I.

An institution of local government set up during the emancipation reform in Russia. Zemstvo. Zemstvo was a form of local self-government in the Russian Empire that handled regional administrative functions and public services.