The New Imperialism 1800-1915
History

The difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over time
Balance of trade
The difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over time. Balance of trade. Historically, the balance of trade shows whether a country is gaining more money from its exports than it is spending on imports.

War fought between the UK and the Boers of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State
Boer War
War fought between the UK and the Boers of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. Boer War. The Boer War was a conflict from 1899 to 1902 where British forces fought against Dutch settlers in South Africa.

An anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901
Boxer Rebellion
An anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion was a violent movement in China where locals resisted foreign influence and Christian missionaries.

A grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority or other legal entity
Concession
A grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority or other legal entity. Concession. In history, a concession often involved a government allowing a company or country to use resources or land, usually with specific conditions.

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law
Extraterritoriality
The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. Extraterritoriality. In history, extraterritoriality allowed foreigners to be tried under their own country's laws instead of the local laws where they lived or worked.

A Welsh journalist, explorer and politician, famous for his exploration of central Africa
Henry Stanley
A Welsh journalist, explorer and politician, famous for his exploration of central Africa. Henry Stanley. He is best known for his expeditions in Africa and for finding the missionary David Livingstone.

A contractual obligation of one party to compensate the loss incurred to the other party
Indemnity
A contractual obligation of one party to compensate the loss incurred to the other party. Indemnity. In history, indemnity often involved one country paying another after losing a war to cover damages and expenses.

A Nubian religious leader who combined orthodox religious study with an Islam
Muhammad Ahmad
A Nubian religious leader who combined orthodox religious study with an Islam. Muhammad Ahmad. He was a Sudanese leader in the late 19th century who declared himself the Mahdi, claiming to be the guided one expected in Islamic tradition.

A spirit medium of the Zezuru Shona people and leader of a revolt against the British colonisation of Zimbabwe
Nehanda
A spirit medium of the Zezuru Shona people and leader of a revolt against the British colonisation of Zimbabwe. Nehanda. Nehanda was a spiritual leader who played a key role in resisting British colonial rule in the late 19th century.

An action that limits a person's autonomy and is intended to promote their own good
Paternalism
An action that limits a person's autonomy and is intended to promote their own good. Paternalism. In history, paternalism often refers to authorities or governing bodies making decisions for people, claiming it's for their own benefit, like colonial powers justifying control over colonies.

A religious practice of female seclusion among some Muslim and Hindu communities
Purdah
A religious practice of female seclusion among some Muslim and Hindu communities. purdah. Purdah is the historical practice of women staying out of sight from men or strangers, often by wearing veils or staying in secluded areas.

An Indian religious, social and educational reformer, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha
Ram Mohan Roy
An Indian religious, social and educational reformer, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha. Ram Mohan Roy. He was a key figure in modernizing Indian society by promoting social reforms and rejecting outdated traditions.

An area or region over which a state has cultural, economic, military or political influence
Sphere of influence
An area or region over which a state has cultural, economic, military or political influence. Sphere of influence. In History, a sphere of influence is a region where a powerful country exerts indirect control or dominates due to its significant power and influence.

A civil war in China fought between Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Taiping Rebellion
A civil war in China fought between Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping Rebellion. It was a massive and deadly uprising from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to establish a new kingdom based on his version of Christianity.

When country has a greater value of exports than its imports
Trade surplus
When a country has a greater value of exports than its imports, it experiences a trade surplus. In history, a trade surplus meant that a country was exporting more goods than it was importing, often leading to increased national wealth.

A religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate
Usman dan Fodio
A religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman dan Fodio was a significant Islamic leader in West Africa who led a major jihad to establish the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century.