The New Imperialism 1800-1915

The difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over time. Balance of trade. Historically, the balance of trade shows whether a country is gaining more money from its exports than it is spending on imports.

War fought between the UK and the Boers of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. Boer War. The Boer War was a conflict from 1899 to 1902 where British forces fought against Dutch settlers in South Africa.

An anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion was a violent movement in China where locals resisted foreign influence and Christian missionaries.

A grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority or other legal entity. Concession. In history, a concession often involved a government allowing a company or country to use resources or land, usually with specific conditions.

A Scottish physician, Congregationalist and pioneer Christian missionary. David Livingstone. He was an explorer who helped map central Africa and campaigned against the slave trade in the 19th century.

A group or class deemed to be in some way superior. Elite. In History, elites are often people with more power, wealth, or influence than the average person.

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. Extraterritoriality. In history, extraterritoriality allowed foreigners to be tried under their own country's laws instead of the local laws where they lived or worked.

Trying to destroy a people based on racial, national, or religious reasons is genocide. Genocide is the deliberate attempt to eliminate a particular group of people.

The eleventh Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Guang Xu. Guang Xu was a Chinese emperor known for his attempts to modernize China during the late 19th century with the Hundred Days' Reform.

A Welsh journalist, explorer and politician, famous for his exploration of central Africa. Henry Stanley. He is best known for his expeditions in Africa and for finding the missionary David Livingstone.

A policy or ideology of extending a country's rule over foreign nations. Imperialism is when a country takes control over foreign lands and people to expand its power.

A contractual obligation of one party to compensate the loss incurred to the other party. Indemnity. In history, indemnity often involved one country paying another after losing a war to cover damages and expenses.

The King of the Belgians and the Sovereign of the Congo Free State. King Leopold II. He was a Belgian king known for his brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The prophesied redeemer of Islam. Mahdi. In Islamic tradition, the Mahdi is a messianic figure expected to appear before the Day of Judgment to restore justice and peace.

An Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Shewa. Menelik II. He was a prominent Ethiopian leader known for defeating Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, ensuring Ethiopia's independence.

A Nubian religious leader who combined orthodox religious study with an Islam. Muhammad Ahmad. He was a Sudanese leader in the late 19th century who declared himself the Mahdi, claiming to be the guided one expected in Islamic tradition.

The Albanian Ottoman governor and the de facto ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali is often considered the founder of modern Egypt due to his significant reforms and modernization efforts.

A spirit medium of the Zezuru Shona people and leader of a revolt against the British colonisation of Zimbabwe. Nehanda. Nehanda was a spiritual leader who played a key role in resisting British colonial rule in the late 19th century.

The US policy that allowed for trade in China open to all countries equally. Open Door Policy. The Open Door Policy was a diplomatic principle aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China.

A series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China. Opium War. The Opium War was a conflict where Britain fought China to force them to allow opium trade.

A higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system. Pasha. In the Ottoman Empire, a pasha was a high-ranking official, often acting as a governor or military commander.

An action that limits a person's autonomy and is intended to promote their own good. Paternalism. In history, paternalism often refers to authorities or governing bodies making decisions for people, claiming it's for their own benefit, like colonial powers justifying control over colonies.

A dependent territory, while a greater state retains control. Protectorate. A protectorate is a region that maintains its own government but is under the control or protection of a more powerful country.

A religious practice of female seclusion among some Muslim and Hindu communities. purdah. Purdah is the historical practice of women staying out of sight from men or strangers, often by wearing veils or staying in secluded areas.

An Indian religious, social and educational reformer, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha. Ram Mohan Roy. He was a key figure in modernizing Indian society by promoting social reforms and rejecting outdated traditions.

A Muslim cleric and the founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire, Samori Toure. Samori Toure was a prominent West African leader who resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century.

An old Hindu tradition of a widow immolating herself after her husband's death. Sati is a historical practice in which a widow was expected to self-immolate on her husband's funeral pyre.

A professional Indian infantryman in the armies of the Mughal Empire. Sepoy. A sepoy was an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders during colonial times.

The leader of the Zulu Kingdom in Africa. Shaka. Shaka was a powerful Zulu king known for creating a strong Zulu nation in the early 19th century through military innovations.

A conflict between China and the Empire of Japan over control of Korea. Sino-Japanese War. The Sino-Japanese War was a late 19th-century conflict where Japan defeated China to gain influence over Korea.

An area or region over which a state has cultural, economic, military or political influence. Sphere of influence. In History, a sphere of influence is a region where a powerful country exerts indirect control or dominates due to its significant power and influence.

The title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty. Sultan. In history, a sultan is a Muslim ruler who holds ultimate political and military authority.

The provisional first president of the Republic of China. Sun Yixian. Sun Yixian, also known as Sun Yat-sen, was a key figure in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China.

A civil war in China fought between Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping Rebellion. It was a massive and deadly uprising from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to establish a new kingdom based on his version of Christianity.

When a country has a greater value of imports than its exports, trade deficit. Historically, a trade deficit means a country buys more from others than it sells to them.

When a country has a greater value of exports than its imports, it experiences a trade surplus. In history, a trade surplus meant that a country was exporting more goods than it was importing, often leading to increased national wealth.

A religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman dan Fodio was a significant Islamic leader in West Africa who led a major jihad to establish the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century.

The queen of the Ashanti Empire who led war against British colonialism. Yaa Asantewaa. She was a courageous leader who fought to protect her people and their land from British rule in the early 1900s.