The Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1650
History

An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and author known for The Book of the Courtier
Baldassare Castiglione
An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and author known for The Book of the Courtier. Baldassare Castiglione. He was a Renaissance writer who described the ideal qualities of a courtier in his famous book.

A branch of mathematics which studies changes between values that are related by a function
Calculus
A branch of mathematics which studies changes between values that are related by a function. Calculus. Developed in the late 17th century, calculus revolutionized mathematics and science by providing tools to analyze change and motion.

A Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain and Lord of the Netherlands
Charles V
A Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, and Lord of the Netherlands. Charles V. He was a powerful ruler in the 16th century who controlled a vast European empire, shaping the politics and religious landscape of his time.

The practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by carving into it
Engraving
The practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by carving into it. engraving. Engraving is an ancient technique used to create images or text on materials like metal or stone in historical artifacts.

A city in Switzerland where John Calvin established the Republic of Geneva in 16th century
Geneva
A city in Switzerland where John Calvin established the Republic of Geneva in the 16th century. Geneva. Geneva is a historic city known for being a center of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.

The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun
Heliocentric
The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. Heliocentric. In history, heliocentric refers to the model proposed by Copernicus, which demonstrated that the Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the solar system.

A philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings
Humanism
A philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings. Humanism. In History, humanism was a movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study and appreciation of classical antiquity and human potential.

A temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner
Indulgence
A temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner. Indulgence. In history, an indulgence was a way for people to reduce punishment for their sins through actions or payments to the Church.

An English physicist, mathematician and astronomer, one of the most influential scientists of all time
Isaac Newton
An English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, one of the most influential scientists of all time. Isaac Newton. He is known for discovering gravity and formulating the laws of motion.

A German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician and best known for his laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
A German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician and best known for his laws of planetary motion. Johannes Kepler. Johannes Kepler was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution who discovered the laws that describe how planets move around the sun.

An Italian diplomat, philosopher and writer, best known for Il Principe
Niccolo Machiavelli
An Italian diplomat, philosopher and writer, best known for Il Principe. Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli is known for his work on political theory, particularly the idea that rulers must be cunning and pragmatic to maintain power.

The doctrine in Christian theology claiming that all events have been willed by God
Predestination
The doctrine in Christian theology claiming that all events have been willed by God predestination. In history, predestination refers to the belief that God has predetermined the fate of individuals and events.

A French philosopher, scientist and mathematician, one of the founders of modern philosophy
Rene Descartes
A French philosopher, scientist and mathematician, one of the founders of modern philosophy. Ren Descartes. He is famous for his statement "I think, therefore I am" and his contributions to developing analytical geometry.

An Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, physicist and one of the founders of modern chemistry
Robert Boyle
An Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, physicist and one of the founders of modern chemistry. Robert Boyle. He is often called the "father of modern chemistry" for his work in developing the scientific method and Boyle's Law.

A Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical observations
Tycho Brahe
A Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical observations. Tycho Brahe. Tycho Brahe was a pioneering scientist in the late 16th century who made detailed observations of the stars and planets, laying the groundwork for future discoveries in astronomy.

The speech variety used by the general population in a geographical or social territory
Vernacular
The speech variety used by the general population in a geographical or social territory. Vernacular. In history, vernacular refers to the everyday language spoken by ordinary people in a specific region or community.

A town in Germany, close connected with Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
Wittenberg
A town in Germany, close connected with Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. Wittenberg. Wittenberg is the place where Martin Luther famously nailed his 95 Theses, sparking the Protestant Reformation.