States of Matter, Liquids and Solids
Science

Forms of the same element that have different molecular structures
Allotrope
Forms of the same element that have different molecular structures. Allotrope. An allotrope is a different form of the same element that has distinct physical or chemical properties due to variations in its molecular structure.

A solid made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
Crystalline solid
A solid made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. Crystalline solid. Crystalline solids are materials where atoms or molecules are arranged in an orderly repeating structure.

The attractive force between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
Dipole-dipole force
The attractive force between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules. Dipole-dipole force. This force occurs when the positive end of one polar molecule attracts the negative end of another polar molecule.

A collision where kinetic energy is transferred between particles but their total kinetic energy remains the same
Elastic collision
A collision where kinetic energy is transferred between particles but their total kinetic energy remains the same. Elastic collision. It is a type of collision where no energy is lost, and the objects bounce off each other completely.

The energy required to change a liquid at its boiling point into a gas
Heat of vaporization
The energy required to change a liquid at its boiling point into a gas. Heat of vaporization. Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to turn a liquid into a gas at its boiling point without changing its temperature.

A weak bond of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
Hydrogen bond
A weak bond of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom. Hydrogen bond. It's a connection where the slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, in another molecule.

States that particles in matter constantly collide without losing energy
Kinetic-molecular theory
States that particles in matter constantly collide without losing energy. Kinetic-molecular theory. It explains how the tiny particles in matter move around and interact, helping us understand things like gases and temperature.

The weak intermolecular force which results when unevenly distributed electrons create a temporary dipole
London dispersion force
The weak intermolecular force which results when unevenly distributed electrons create a temporary dipole. London dispersion force. London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that occurs when electrons in adjacent atoms shift, causing a fleeting attraction.

A graph showing the temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and vapor
Phase diagram
A graph showing the temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and vapor. Phase diagram. A phase diagram displays the conditions under which a substance transitions between solid, liquid, and gas.

The temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of a substance are in equilibrium
Triple point
The temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of a substance are in equilibrium. Triple point. The triple point is where a substance can exist in all three statessolid, liquid, and gasat the same time.

The smallest repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal lattice
Unit cell
The smallest repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal lattice. Unit cell. In simple terms, a unit cell is the basic building block of a crystal, like a tiny Lego piece that repeats to form the whole structure.

The pressure exerted by a vapor on a liquid when they are in equilibrium
Vapor pressure
The pressure exerted by a vapor on a liquid when they are in equilibrium. Vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is the force exerted by a vapor above a liquid when both are in balance and no net evaporation or condensation occurs.