Functional Groups

When all the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product. Addition polymerization. Addition polymerization is a process where small molecules, called monomers, join together to form a large chain without losing any atoms.

A reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule. Addition reaction. An addition reaction happens when new atoms attach to a molecule that has double or triple bonds, making it more saturated.

An organic compound that contains the carbonyl group, CHO. Aldehyde. An aldehyde is a type of molecule found in many natural and industrial products, characterized by its reactive carbonyl group.

A compound formed from an alkyl group and a halogen. Alkyl halide. An alkyl halide is a chemical compound where a carbon group is bonded to a halogen atom like chlorine or fluorine.

An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups. Amine. In simple terms, an amine is a molecule that is like ammonia but has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by carbon-containing groups.

A compound that contains a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring. Aryl halide. An aryl halide is a chemical compound where a halogen atom, like chlorine or bromine, is attached directly to a benzene ring.

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Carbonyl group. A carbonyl group is a functional group in organic chemistry where a carbon is double-bonded to an oxygen, found in many important molecules like ketones and aldehydes.

An organic compound containing the carboxyl group R-COOH. Carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids are chemicals found in many everyday substances, like vinegar, that have a sour taste and can react to form salts.

Polymers formed through a condensation reaction. Condensation polymerization. Condensation polymerization is a chemical process where small molecules join together to form a large polymer, releasing a small molecule like water as a byproduct.

A chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen from a molecule dehydrogenation reaction. It's a process where hydrogen atoms are taken away from a compound, often making it unsaturated.

Ethanol that has additives to make it bad-tasting and poisonous to discourage recreational consumption. Denatured alcohol. It is ethanol that has been chemically altered to prevent people from drinking it.

A organic chemical reaction in which a pair of atoms are removed from a molecule. Elimination reaction. In an elimination reaction, parts of a molecule are removed to form a simpler molecule, often creating a double bond.

An organic compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid. Ester. An ester is a chemical compound that often has a pleasant smell and is used in making fragrances and flavors.

An organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon atoms. Ether. In simple terms, ether is a chemical that is often used as a solvent because it can dissolve many substances.

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound. Functional group. A functional group is a specific cluster of atoms within molecules that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Any compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen. Halocarbon. Halocarbons are chemicals that have chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine atoms replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons.

Replacement of a hydrogen atom by a halogen atom in a molecule. Halogenation. It is a chemical reaction where a halogen is added to a compound, often making it more reactive.

Hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alkane. Hydrogenation reaction. A hydrogenation reaction is when hydrogen is added to molecules, often turning unsaturated compounds like oils into saturated ones, like fats.

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. Ketone. A ketone is a type of chemical compound where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and is also connected to two other carbon atoms.

A type of organic reaction where one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. Substitution reaction. In simple terms, a substitution reaction is like swapping one piece of a molecule for another.