The Gilded Age 1880-1920

An artistic movement that is known for scenes of daily life in New York. Ashcan school. The Ashcan School was a group of early 20th-century American artists who depicted everyday urban life.

A dominant leader in the African-American community, Booker T. Washington. He was an influential educator and advocate for racial uplift through vocational training in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

An architect responsible for the development of Chicago and Washington, D.C., Daniel Burnham. Daniel Burnham was a key figure in urban planning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The pledge of a person's services as security for a debt or other obligation. Debt peonage. Debt peonage is a system where workers are forced to work to pay off a debt and often find it impossible to ever repay fully.

A landscape architect best known for Central Park, Frederick Law Olmsted. He was instrumental in designing urban parks that integrated natural beauty into city environments during the 19th century.

An entrepreneur who brought photographic roll film into the mainstream. George Eastman. He is a pioneer of modern photography who founded Kodak.

An old rule that applies to existing situations, while a new rule applies to all future cases. Grandfather clause. Historically, a grandfather clause was a policy used in the Southern United States to exempt certain voters from literacy tests or poll taxes if their ancestors had the right to vote before the Civil War, effectively disenfranchising African Americans.

One of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Ida B. Wells. Ida B. Wells was a pioneering journalist and civil rights activist who fought against racial injustice and lynching in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Laws that enforced racial segregation in Southern states. Jim Crow laws. These were rules that kept Black and White people apart, treating Black people unfairly, mostly in the Southern U.S. after the Civil War.

An architect called the father of skyscrapers and modernism. Louis Sullivan. He revolutionized architecture by designing some of the first skyscrapers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A black civil rights organization founded in 1905. Niagara Movement. The Niagara Movement was an early civil rights group that advocated for equal rights and aimed to challenge racial discrimination in the United States.

Aviation pioneers credited with inventing, building and flying the world's first airplane. Orville and Wilbur Wright were the brothers who made the first powered flight in 1903, revolutionizing human transportation.

Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation as long as the facilities were equal in quality. Plessy v Ferguson. Plessy v. Ferguson was a U.S. Supreme Court case in 1896 that allowed racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

A tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Poll tax. In history, a poll tax is a uniform tax that was imposed on every adult, often causing controversy and resistance due to its impact on lower-income individuals.

A service which began in the late 19th century to deliver mail directly to rural farm families rural free delivery RFD. Rural free delivery RFD was a program that brought postal mail directly to rural areas, improving communication for those living in the countryside.

Separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation. In History, segregation refers to the enforced separation of different racial or ethnic groups in public spaces and services.

A historically black university in Tuskegee, Alabama. Tuskegee Institute. It is a renowned educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881 to provide higher education and vocational training to African Americans.

The first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor at Atlanta University. W. E. B. Du Bois was a prominent historian and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP.

Developed the largest newspaper chain and media company, Hearst Communications. William Randolph Hearst was a powerful newspaper publisher who significantly influenced American media in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.