Europe in Transition
History

Was written by Martin Luther that the Church should not sell indulgences
95 Theses
Was written by Martin Luther that the Church should not sell indulgences. 95 Theses. The 95 Theses is a list of arguments by Martin Luther challenging the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

A style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art
Gothic style
A style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art. Gothic style. Gothic style is characterized by its soaring cathedrals with pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

A Spanish Catholic priest, theologian and co-founder of the Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola
A Spanish Catholic priest, theologian and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. Ignatius of Loyola. Ignatius of Loyola was a key figure in the Counter-Reformation, founding the Jesuits to reform the Church and spread Catholicism.

A temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner
Indulgence
A temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner. Indulgence. In history, an indulgence was a grant by the Catholic Church that reduced time in purgatory for sins after confession.

In the history of Europe, period that lasted from the 5th to the late 15th century
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, period that lasted from the 5th to the late 15th century. Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time in Europe between ancient and modern times characterized by feudalism, castles, and knights.

A body of water that is deep, wide and calm enough for a water vessel to pass safely
Navigable
A body of water that is deep, wide and calm enough for a water vessel to pass safely. Navigable. In history, "navigable" refers to waterways that were essential for transportation and trade because they allowed ships to travel safely.

An Italian diplomat, philosopher and writer, best known for Il Principe
Niccolo Machiavelli
An Italian diplomat, philosopher and writer, best known for Il Principe. Niccolo Machiavelli. He is often considered the father of modern political science for his pragmatic and sometimes ruthless advice on leadership and power.

Theologians whose works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation
Protestant
Theologians whose works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation. Protestant. Protestant refers to a branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century as a movement against certain practices of the Catholic Church.

A Christian gradual military retaking of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors
Reconquista
A Christian gradual military retaking of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Reconquista. The Reconquista was the series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims in medieval Spain and Portugal.

The 16th century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther
Reformation
The 16th century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther. Reformation. The Reformation was a movement that aimed to reform the practices of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.